@article {83165,
	title = {Oregon Water Quality Index Summary Report: Water Years 2013-2022},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Trends in water quality.  Raw data for earlier years is available in spreadsheet format.},
	month = {2023, Feb.},
	pages = {9 p.},
	institution = {Oregon Dept. of Environmental Quality. Laboratory and Environmental Assessment Division},
	address = {Hills boro, Or.},
	keywords = {agriculture, bacteria, dissolved oxygen, forestry, human impacts, land use, nitrogen, pH, phosphorus, water pollution, water quality, water temperature},
	url = {https://digital.osl.state.or.us/islandora/object/osl\%3A1008713},
	author = {Oregon Dept. of Environmental Quality,}
}
@article {37626,
	title = {Water Quality Index},
	year = {2022},
	note = {Trends in water quality. This website includes an interactive map and subbasin reports giving trends in recent years.},
	address = {Hillsboro, Or.},
	keywords = {bacteria, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen, pH, phosphorus, pollution, solids, water quality, water temperature},
	url = {https://www.oregon.gov/deq/wq/Pages/WQI.aspx},
	author = {Oregon. Dept. of Environmental Quality,}
}
@mastersthesis {83197,
	title = {Biogeochemical Signals of Mountainous Forested Watersheds{\textquoteright} Response to Disturbance},
	year = {2018},
	note = {A large quantity of small particles of organic matter in rivers comes from small mountainous streams. Thus, small mountainous watersheds play a critical role in the carbon cycle. Some organic matter export is driven by natural causes: fire, landslides, floods, while in recent years most particulate export has come from anthropogenic causes such as logging and road-building. {\textquotedblleft}In this dissertation, we studied patterns of POM [particulate organic matter] mobilization, transport, and deposition to understand better how fundamental biogeochemical processes in forested mountainous watersheds respond to disturbances triggered by natural and human forcings{\textquotedblright} (from the Abstract).  Different watersheds respond to disturbances in different ways, and the author advocates for understanding a watershed{\textquoteright}s history in order to understand how the watershed responds to environmental changes. },
	pages = {152 p.},
	school = {Oregon State University},
	type = {Doctoral Dissertation},
	edition = {Ph. D.},
	chapter = {Water Resources Science Program and College of Forestry. Sustainable Forest Management Program},
	address = {Corvallis, Or.},
	keywords = {Alsea River, carbon, chemistry, coastal hazards, earthquakes, floods, forest fires, geography, geology, human impacts, hydrology, isotopes, landslides, logging, nitrogen, Umpqua River},
	url = {https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/graduate_thesis_or_dissertations/dj52wb24f },
	author = {Guerrero-Bola{\~n}o, Francisco J.}
}
@article {76631,
	title = {Tidal channel diatom assemblages reflect within wetland environmental conditions and land use at multiple scales},
	journal = {Estuaries and Coasts  },
	volume = {38},
	year = {2015},
	note = {The authors examined diatom assemblages collected from surface sediment in tidal channels of 47 tidal wetlands on the Oregon coast during the summer of 2007.  They found some interesting and enlightening differences between the different groups of diatom species collected.  {\textquotedblleft}The tidal channel benthic diatom community was most strongly correlated with variables related to human disturbance at all scales surrounding the wetland and not with any tidal channel water quality parameter, including salinity. . .  The sensitivity of the tidal creek benthic diatom assemblage to both wetland and landscape level factors indicates that it might be a useful bioindicator of human disturbance to tidal wetland ecosystems.{\textquotedblright} (from the Abstract)},
	month = {2015, Mar.},
	pages = {p.534-545},
	keywords = {Alsea Bay, Amphora coffeaeformis, Coos Bay, Coquille River, diatoms, Ecola Creek, ecosystem health, environmental disturbance, marshes, Navicula gregaria, Necanicum River, Nehalem Bay, Nestucca River, Netarts Bay, nitrogen, Planothidium delicatulum, salinity, Salmon River, Sand Lake, Siletz Bay, Siuslaw River, species list, Tillamook Bay, Umpqua River, wetlands, Yaquina Bay},
	doi = {10.1007/s12237-014-9826-1},
	author = {Weilhoefer, Christine L. and Nelson, Walter G. and Patrick J Clinton}
}
@article {76736,
	title = {Linking landscape characteristics and high stream nitrogen in the Oregon Coast Range: red alder complicates use of nutrient criteria},
	journal = {Journal of the American Water Resources Association},
	volume = {50 },
	number = {6 },
	year = {2014},
	note = {Red alder fixes nitrogen, and in the fall and winter it sheds nitrogen into coastal streams.  The result is that many coastal streams have at certain times of the year nitrogen levels that are unacceptably high, according to conventional environmental standards.  Current nutrient models for Oregon coast streams fail to adequately account for this natural process.  {\textquotedblleft}Our results provide evidence, at a regional scale, that background sources and processes cause many Coast Range streams to exceed proposed nutrient criteria, and that the prevalence of a single tree species (N-fixing red alder) exerts a dominant control over stream N concentrations across this region.{\textquotedblright}  (from the Abstract)},
	month = {2014, Dec.},
	pages = {p.1383-1400},
	keywords = {ecosystem health, ecosystem modeling, environmental law and policy, general, nitrate, nitrogen, nutrients, Oregon Coast Range, red alder = Alnus rubra},
	doi = {10.1111/jawr.12194},
	url = {https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/articles/1n79h6293},
	author = {Greathouse, Effie A. and Compton, Jana E. and Van Sickle, John}
}
@article {52366,
	title = {Variation in tidal wetland plant diversity and composition within and among coastal estuaries: assessing the relative importance of environmental gradients},
	journal = {Journal of Vegetation Science : Offical Organ of the International Association for Vegetation Science},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2014},
	note = {The authors ask, {\textquotedblleft}What is the relative importance of topographic (elevation), edaphic (soil salinity, nitrogen and particle size) and hydrologic (estuarine river flow) gradients for variation in tidal wetland plant composition and diversity?{\textquotedblright}(from the Abstract) To answer this question, they analyzed wetland vegetation in four Oregon estuaries. They conclude that elevation and salinity are the most important factors affecting species distribution, and note that sea level rise should change distributions and reduce wetland plant diversity. Supporting documentation in four appendices is available online. },
	month = {2014, Mar.},
	pages = {p.534{\textendash}545},
	keywords = {Alsea Bay, Baltic rush = Juncus balticus ssp. ater, Chickenclaws = Sarcocornia perennis, Coquille River estuary, elevation, geographic distribution, habitats, hydrology, Marsh jaumea = Jaumea carnosa, Netarts Bay, nitrogen, nutrients, salinity, Saltgrass = Distichlis spicata, sediments, species composition, species list, Tufted hairgrass = Deschampsia cespitosa, wetland vegetation, Yaquina Bay},
	doi = {10.1111/jvs.12107},
	author = {Janousek, Christopher N. and Folger, Christina L.}
}
@article {15436,
	title = {Red alder (<i>Alnus rubra</i>) distribution influences nitrate discharge to coastal estuaries:  comparison of two Oregon watersheds},
	journal = {Northwest Science},
	volume = {84},
	number = {4},
	year = {2010},
	note = {The Yaquina River typically carries almost twice as high a rate of dissolved nitrogen into its bay as does the Alsea River, although the total volumes are similar, because the Alsea River Basin is about twice as large as the Yaquina Basin. The difference in nitrogen load seems to be derived from the heavy alder stands in the upper Yaquina basin. Gives a model for rapid estimate of nitrogen export based on hardwood cover and water discharge data.},
	month = {2010, Oct.},
	pages = {p.336-350},
	keywords = {Alsea Bay, nitrate-nitrite, nitrogen, red alder = Alnus rubra, terrestrial vegetation, Yaquina Bay},
	doi = {10.3955/046.084.0403},
	author = {Sigleo, Anne C. and Frick, Walter E. and Prieto, Lourdes}
}
@article {15461,
	title = {Classification of Regional Patterns of Environmental Drivers and Benthic Habitats in Pacific Northwest Estuaries},
	volume = {EPA 600/R-09/140},
	year = {2009},
	note = {"This report describes a pilot effort at classifying PNW estuaries with regards to landscape attributes and their susceptibility to nutrient enrichment."  Much data is presented. Although the report focuses on seven estuaries (Alsea, Coos Bay, Nestucca, Salmon River, Tillamook Bay, Umpqua and Yaquina), many other estuaries are mentioned, and basic statistical data is given for all PNW estuaries.},
	pages = {298 p.},
	keywords = {Alsea Bay, climate, Coos Bay, demographics, eelgrass = Zostera marina, ghost shrimp = Callianassa californiensis, hydrography, hydrology, Japanese eelgrass = Zostera japonica, Mud shrimp = Upogebia pugettensis, Nestucca  River estuary, nitrate-nitrite, nitrogen, phosphorus, phytoplankton, precipitation, salinity, Salmon River Estuary, sediment data, tidal currents, Tillamook Bay, turbidity, Umpqua River estuary, Yaquina Bay},
	url = {https://tinyurl.com/3rd376k},
	author = {Lee II, Henry and Brown, Cheryl A. and U.S. National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory. Western Ecology Division,}
}
@conference {15486,
	title = {Discharge and source of particulate organic carbon and nitrogen from a small mountainous river in the Oregon Coast Range [abstract]},
	booktitle = {Fall Meeting / American Geophysical Union},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Abstract H21H-0939.  },
	publisher = {AGU},
	organization = {AGU},
	address = {San Francisco, Ca.},
	keywords = {Alsea Basin, carbon, flooding, nitrogen, sediments},
	url = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFM.H21H0939H/abstract},
	author = {Hatten, J.A. and Goni, M. and Wheatcroft, R. and Pakenham, A.}
}
@mastersthesis {15536,
	title = {A Physical and Chemical Characterization of Stream Water Draining Three Oregon Coast Range Catchments},
	year = {2007},
	note = {"...a case study was conducted to determine if current physical and chemical properties of water in three streams located in the Oregon Coast Range differed from historically measured conditions, taking differences in past management regimes into account. In addition, this research provides an assessment of spatial and temporal variability in nitratenitrogen (N) concentrations and summer stream temperatures within each catchment."  (from the Abstract)   This study builds on the historical data gathered in the Alsea Watershed Study (1959-1973). Major professor was Stephen H. Schoenholtz.},
	pages = {110 p.},
	school = {Oregon State University},
	type = {Masters Thesis},
	edition = {M.S.},
	chapter = {Dept. of Forest Engineering},
	address = {Corvallis, Or.},
	keywords = {Alsea River Basin, Alsea Watershed Study, climate, Deer Creek, Drift Creek, Flynn Creek, hydrology, logging, Needle Branch, nitrogen, precipitation, sediment data, sediments, streamflow, terrestrial vegetation, theses, water temperature},
	url = {https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/graduate_thesis_or_dissertations/w0892d055},
	author = {Hale, V. Cody}
}
@article {15546,
	title = {Ecological Condition of the Estuaries of Oregon and Washington},
	volume = {EPA-910-R-06-001},
	year = {2006},
	note = {For the layperson, this is an overview that does not go into any detail on specific estuaries. Problem locations are marked with colored dots on a map and are not labelled. This deliberate lack of specificity on EPA{\textquoteright}s part is baffling and disappointing.},
	pages = {73 p.},
	institution = {U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, Office of Environmental Assessment},
	address = {Seattle, Wa.},
	keywords = {biodegradation, carbon, dissolved oxygen, ecosystem health, estuaries, heavy metals, hydrocarbons, invasive species, nitrogen, pesticides, phosphorus, sediments, species composition, species list, toxicity, water pollution, water quality},
	url = {https://archive.epa.gov/emap/archive-emap/web/pdf/cemapfinal.pdf},
	author = {U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Region X, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Region X. Office of Environmental Assessment,}
}
@article {15866,
	title = {NOAA{\textquoteright}s Estuarine Eutrophication Survey : Pacific Coast Region},
	volume = {5},
	year = {1998},
	note = {"In Alsea River, chlorophyll <i>a</i> concentrations are high in the seawater zone and turbidity concentrations are unknown. Nuisance or toxic bloom events are unknown, as are nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations. Anoxia, hypoxia and biological stress are not observed in this system. SAV [submerged aquatic vegetation] spatial coverage ranges from low to medium.  Dissolved oxygen observations and SAV spatial coverage have not changed. All other trends are unknown." (p.48)},
	month = {April_1998},
	pages = {75 p.},
	institution = {Office of Ocean Resources Conservation and Assessment},
	address = {Silver Spring, Md.},
	keywords = {algal species, Alsea River, aquatic vegetation, biological, Coos Bay, Coquille River, dissolved oxygen, hydrology, Nehalem River, Netarts Bay, nitrogen, phosphorus, physical, Rogue River, Siletz Bay, Siuslaw River, Tillamook Bay, toxicity, turbidity, Umpqua River, Yaquina Bay, Yaquina River},
	url = {https://archive.org/details/noaasestuarineeu00unit/mode/2up?ref=ol\&view=theater},
	author = {U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,}
}
@proceedings {17106,
	title = {The use of standardized marine algal bioassays for nutrient assessment of Oregon coastal estuaries},
	volume = {no.50},
	year = {1974},
	month = {1974},
	pages = {p.15-31},
	publisher = {Oregon State University, Engineering Experiment Station},
	address = {Corvallis, Or.},
	keywords = {Alsea River estuary, aquatic vegetation, bioassay, biological, chemical, Coos River estuary, diatoms, Dunaliella species, green algae, Nestucca River estuary, Netarts estuary, nitrogen, nutrient cycles, phosphorus, primary production, salinity, Sand Lake Estuary, Siletz River estuary, Siuslaw River estuary, Thalassiosira species, toxicity, Umpqua River estuary, Yaquina Bay},
	url = {https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/defaults/q811kk38w},
	author = {Specht, David T. and U.S. National Science Foundation. Energy-Related General Research Office,}
}
